OMG!!! America's Coercive Diplomacy and Its Harm 《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》 -
cityhantam - 20-05-2023
http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0519/c1002-32689739.html
《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》报告发布
2023年05月19日07:05 | 来源:人民网-人民日报
本报北京5月18日电 新华社18日发布《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》报告,通过大量列举事实和数据,揭露美国在全球推行胁迫外交的恶行劣迹,让国际社会进一步看清美国外交的霸权霸道霸凌本质,以及美方行径对各国发展、地区稳定、世界和平造成的严重损害。
报告除引言和结束语外,还包括“美国的胁迫外交劣迹斑斑”“美国的胁迫外交手段繁多”“美国的胁迫外交危害全球”三部分。
报告说,美国惯于指责别国以大国地位、胁迫性政策、经济胁迫方式要挟他国服从、搞胁迫外交,但事实上,美国才是胁迫外交的始作俑者。胁迫外交的发明权、专利权、知识产权都非美国莫属。长期以来,美国胁迫他国无所不用其极,在胁迫外交上有极不光彩的“黑历史”。时至今日,胁迫外交更是美国外交政策工具箱中的标配,为实现一己私利,政治、经济、军事、文化等各领域的遏制打压都被用来在全球搞胁迫外交,世界各国深受其害,发展中国家首当其冲,连其盟友伙伴也难幸免。
报告指出,美国是胁迫外交的发明者和集大成者。长期以来,美国通过经济封锁、单边制裁、军事威胁、政治孤立、技术封锁等种种流氓手段,向世界演绎了一个个胁迫外交的教科书式案例。究竟谁在搞胁迫外交,谁在胁迫全世界,国际社会自有公论。在全球到处胁迫、制裁、霸凌,把他国搞垮、把世界搞乱,终会反噬伤及自身。美国应当好好治治自己滥施胁迫外交的老毛病,把公正合理的国际秩序还给全世界。
《 人民日报 》( 2023年05月19日 17 版)
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RE: OMG!!! Assmerica! 《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》 -
cityhantam - 20-05-2023
http://www.news.cn/world/2023-05/18/c_1129625774.htm
新华社北京5月18日电
美国的胁迫外交及其危害
2023年5月
目录
引言
一、美国的胁迫外交劣迹斑斑
二、美国的胁迫外交手段繁多
三、美国的胁迫外交危害全球
结束语
引言
美国惯于指责别国以大国地位、胁迫性政策、经济胁迫方式要挟他国服从、搞胁迫外交,但事实上,美国才是胁迫外交的始作俑者。胁迫外交的发明权、专利权、知识产权都非美国莫属。长期以来,美国胁迫他国无所不用其极,在胁迫外交上有极不光彩的“黑历史”。时至今日,胁迫外交更是美国外交政策工具箱中的标配,为实现一己私利,政治、经济、军事、文化等各领域的遏制打压都被用来在全球搞胁迫外交,世界各国深受其害,发展中国家首当其冲,连其盟友伙伴也难幸免。
本报告基于大量事实和数据,旨在揭露美国在全球推行胁迫外交的恶行劣迹,让国际社会进一步看清美国外交的霸权霸道霸凌本质,以及美方行径对各国发展、地区稳定、世界和平造成的严重损害。
一、美国的胁迫外交劣迹斑斑
◆1971年,美国斯坦福大学教授亚历山大·乔治最早提出“胁迫外交”概念,用来概括当时美国对老挝、古巴、越南的政策。他认为,胁迫外交是使用威胁或有限武力,迫使对手停止或扭转已采取的行动。半个世纪以来,尽管国际格局已发生天翻地覆的变化,但美国从未停止胁迫外交。从经济制裁到技术封锁,从政治孤立到武力威胁,美国用自己的实际行动向世界演绎了什么是胁迫外交。
◆发展中国家是美国滥施胁迫外交的“重灾区”。1962年,美国开始对古巴实施经济、商业和金融封锁并持续至今。2015年,美古恢复外交关系,但美国并未全面解除对古巴封锁。2017年,特朗普政府再次加码对古巴制裁。2021年,拜登政府两度延长作为对古封锁、禁运法律依据的《对敌贸易法》有效期。持续61年的封锁给古巴带来巨大经济损失和严重的人道主义灾难。从燃料、食品、日用品到药品,美国对古巴的制裁封锁几乎覆盖一切,导致古巴长期面临物资严重短缺。新冠疫情期间,美国还阻碍古巴获取生产疫苗的原材料。美国新闻网站“人民世界”刊文指出,由于美国对古巴的封锁,导致古巴无法及时获得制造注射器的材料。由于美国禁止第三国向古巴销售呼吸机,古巴也无法购买抢救危重新冠肺炎患者所需的呼吸机,这给古巴人民带来极大伤害。
◆2006年以来,美国对委内瑞拉实施制裁,阻止委进入美国金融体系。特朗普政府时期,美国扩大对委经济和金融制裁,冻结委内瑞拉政府在美全部资产,并制裁其石油、银行、采矿业及140多名政府人员,严重打击委经济。委内瑞拉原油产量从2016年的每天近250万桶,下降至2020年的每天仅30万桶。新冠疫情期间,美国制裁导致委内瑞拉难以及时获得抗疫物资和食品、饮用水、汽油等基本商品。联合国单边强制措施对人权负面影响问题特别报告员杜汉发布的报告显示,制裁导致委内瑞拉超过三分之一的人口陷入严重粮食危机,基本医疗用品和设备缺乏,医疗保健服务条件恶化,孕产妇、婴儿以及严重疾病患者死亡率上升。2020年6月,美国财政部以涉嫌帮助委内瑞拉逃避美国制裁为由,宣布对3名墨西哥企业家和8家墨西哥公司实施处罚,冻结其在美资产,禁止其参与任何涉及美个体和实体的交易行为。
◆2006年以来,美国历届政府不断强化对朝鲜制裁。1988年以来,美国多年将朝鲜列入“支恐国家”名单。2016年,时任总统奥巴马签署制裁朝鲜法案,对历届政府已经实施的对朝制裁进行补充。2017年,美国通过《以制裁反击美国敌人法》,对朝鲜实施进一步制裁,并要求SWIFT切断朝鲜银行与全球银行网络的联系。美国对朝鲜制裁措施涵盖限制贸易进出口、禁止朝公民赴海外打工、冻结在美境内资产、禁止与朝经济往来等方面。同年11月,美国海军“里根”号、“罗斯福”号、“尼米兹”号3艘航母同时现身东海,并与韩国海军联合举行高强度军演,引发外界高度关注。
◆两度将伊朗踢出SWIFT系统,扰乱国际金融秩序。1979年,美国开始对伊朗实施经济制裁,当时冻结伊朗价值12亿美元的海外资产,并最终扩大到全面贸易禁运。随着伊核问题发酵,美国禁止伊朗金融机构使用美国的清算支付系统开展美元交易结算,迫使伊朗与美元脱钩。2012年,为了全方位围堵伊朗,美国联合欧盟将伊朗从SWIFT系统中剔除,导致伊朗无法使用美元、欧元及任何其他国际货币进行跨境交易,其货币价值一年贬值约38%,伊朗对外贸易陷入衰退,进出口规模急剧下滑,原油出口量缩减一半。2018年,特朗普政府单方面退出伊核协议,再度将伊朗踢出SWIFT系统。美国智库研究表明,受上述制裁影响,伊朗损失一半石油出口和30%对外贸易收入。美国政府对伊朗肆意挥舞制裁大棒引发各界批评。2019年,现任美国总统国家安全事务助理沙利文撰文,批评特朗普政府的对伊政策只有胁迫,没有外交。
◆对白俄罗斯实施制裁。2004年以来,美国对白俄罗斯实施了17轮有针对性的制裁。目前,包括白俄罗斯总统卢卡申科在内的16人受到美国制裁,其范围从旅行禁令到资产冻结。此外,还有10家白俄罗斯公司被禁止进入美国市场。
◆单方面对苏丹等非洲国家实施制裁。1993年,美国宣布制裁苏丹。1997年,克林顿政府宣布对苏丹实行全面经济制裁。2017年,美国仍将苏丹列入“支恐国家”名单,对苏丹的各项制裁措施继续实施,包括禁止对苏丹进行投资、贸易和贷款等。联合国人道主义事务协调厅驻苏丹办事处发布报告称,美国多年制裁导致苏丹出现严重的人道主义危机,大量儿童因营养不良而死亡。此外,美国还对布隆迪、中非、索马里和津巴布韦等非洲国家的个人和组织有针对性实施制裁。
◆对俄罗斯实施全方位制裁。2014年,美国对俄罗斯国防、金融和能源行业发布中长期融资禁令。2018年4月,美国再次宣布对俄罗斯38名个人和公司实施制裁,冻结其在美国管辖范围内的所有资产。2021年11月,美国宣布进一步实施“北溪-2”天然气管道项目相关制裁。俄乌冲突爆发后,美国胁迫多国发布《关于对俄罗斯采取进一步限制性经济措施的联合声明》,禁止进口俄罗斯原油、液化天然气和煤炭,并限制美国对大多数俄罗斯能源公司的投资,美国还将俄罗斯主要银行从SWIFT剔除。迄今为止,美国及其盟国已经直接制裁2500多家俄罗斯公司及政府官员和个人。
◆违反公平贸易原则,对华强征关税。2018年7月,美国发动对华贸易战,宣布对从中国进口的约340亿美元商品加征25%的关税;8月,宣布对价值160亿美元的中国商品加征25%的关税;9月,再次宣布对2000亿美元的中国进口商品加征10%的关税。2019年5月,宣布将2000亿美元中国商品关税从10%提高到25%;8月,宣布将提高对约5500亿美元中国输美商品加征关税的税率,不断升级中美贸易战。
在芯片领域对华进行技术封锁。2022年8月,《芯片和科学法案》正式成法。该法计划为美国半导体产业提供高达527亿美元的政府补贴,要求接受联邦财政援助的半导体企业不得在中国等国进行实质性扩张。美国政府联合日本、韩国和中国台湾组建所谓“芯片四方联盟”,意在限制中国半导体产业发展。
动用国家力量打压中国高科技企业。美上届政府推出“清洁网络”计划,以维护美国家安全和公民隐私为借口,明确要求从电信运营商、手机应用商店、手机应用程序、云服务、海底光缆5个方面把华为、百度、阿里巴巴等中国企业完全清除出去。时任美国国务卿蓬佩奥等美政客多方游说、胁迫其他国家和地区加入所谓“清洁网络联盟”。美国高官甚至恐吓塞浦路斯等国家,要求这些国家不准与中国5G供应商合作,否则后果很严重。美国已将中兴、华为、大疆等1000多家中国企业列入各种制裁清单,以国家安全为借口打压TikTok、微信等中国社交媒体应用程序。
美国打着民主人权的幌子,炒作台湾、香港、新疆等问题,炮制“台北法案”、“香港人权与民主法案”、“维吾尔强迫劳动预防法”等形形色色的涉华议案法案,执意同对华贸易、技术交流问题挂钩,无理干涉中国内政,并胁迫西方国家同美保持一致。
大肆炒作所谓新冠病毒“实验室泄漏论”,不遗余力对华污蔑抹黑。美国无视《中国-世卫组织新冠病毒溯源联合研究报告》,动用情报部门发布所谓溯源调查报告。美方执意将病毒溯源问题政治化、工具化,给全球抗疫合作蒙上阴影。
◆美国首次以与伊朗开展石油贸易为由制裁印度公司。印度《经济时报》、《印度时报》等媒体报道,2022年10月,美国对总部位于孟买的石化贸易公司Tibaraji Petrochem实施了制裁,这是美国首次以与伊朗开展石油贸易为由对印度公司采取制裁措施。2023年4月,印度外交部宣布,印度和马来西亚政府同意用印度卢比进行两国间贸易结算。
◆对盟友实施胁迫外交毫不手软。20世纪80年代,日本国内生产总值(GDP)达到美国一半。为消除日本经济威胁,美国于1985年强迫日本签订“广场协议”,逼迫日元升值,导致日本国内经济泡沫急剧扩大,房地产泡沫最终破灭,日本经济陷入长期停滞。
1986年,针对日本半导体产业的崛起,美国迫使日本签订《美日半导体协定》,并对日本发起“301调查”,先后对日本半导体、计算机等多种产品实施贸易制裁,成功削弱了日本半导体产业竞争力和发展潜力,其市场份额从占全球市场50%下跌到2019年的约10%。
◆以“经济人质”为手段肢解阿尔斯通。2013年,美国动用《反海外腐败法》,逮捕阿尔斯通高管皮耶鲁齐,并诱使其签订认罪协议,据此套取更多对阿尔斯通公司不利的证据和信息。到2014年,为了向阿尔斯通施压,美国当局至少又逮捕3名皮耶鲁齐的前同事,以“经济人质”作为谈判筹码。在各方游说和施压下,2015年,阿尔斯通公司不得不接受美国通用电气的收购要求。《经济学人》就此评称,美国司法部的调查扭曲了阿尔斯通出售资产的流程,为潜在的美国买家创造了优势。
◆对欧洲挥舞关税大棒,干预市场竞争。2018年,美国政府动用《1962年贸易扩展法》232条款,以维护国家安全为由,对欧盟等多个国家和地区的钢铁和铝产品分别加征最高25%和10%的关税。2021年1月,为提高波音公司竞争优势,美国海关与边境保护局宣布对来自法国和德国的飞机部件等输美商品加征高达15%的关税,涉及商品总价值达75亿美元。
◆近年来,美国将胁迫的目标对准半导体产业,向世界多家芯片企业“勒索”机密数据,维持美国在半导体产业主导权。2021年9月,美国商务部发出通知,要求半导体供应链企业在45天内“自愿”提供相关信息,包括库存、产能、供货周期、客户信息等26项核心数据。美国商务部长雷蒙多在接受路透社采访时声称,如果企业拒绝,将动用《国防生产法》等工具让其提供数据。美国政府网站数据显示,在美国施压下,截至2021年11月,台积电、联华电子、三星、SK海力士、日本索尼半导体等70多家企业向美国商务部提交半导体供应链相关信息。
◆在经济金融制裁外,美国还擅长以支持代理人战争、煽动他国内战、提供武器弹药、培训反政府武装等直接或间接方式干涉他国内政,以打击“不听话”的国家和地区。20世纪以来,美国打着“民主”“自由”旗号,在拉美推行“新门罗主义”,在欧亚大陆挑起“颜色革命”,在西亚北非策划“阿拉伯之春”,在世界各地搞“和平演变”,肆意操弄“顺我者昌,逆我者亡”的强权政治。2003年以来,接连发生的格鲁吉亚“玫瑰革命”、乌克兰“橙色革命”和吉尔吉斯斯坦“郁金香革命”,背后都有美国政府的影子。英国《金融时报》报道,美国国家民主基金会和美国国际开发署等机构在推动其他国家国内抗议活动方面发挥了重要作用。英国“开放民主网”刊文称,“颜色革命”的主要和直接原因是为了维护美国的战略扩张和能源安全等利益。
◆根据美国学者奥罗克所著《隐蔽的政权更迭:美国的秘密冷战》,1947年至1989年间,美国共实施了64次隐蔽的政权更迭行动和6次公开行动。1994年海地危机期间,美国通过小规模入侵行动迫使海地军政府放弃政权。当时的美国政府将此次行动誉为胁迫外交的典范。2003年,小布什政府将追加军费中的303亿美元列支为开展胁迫外交。英国《卫报》评称,别看美国对来自境外的干涉如此愤怒,他们才是这么干的行家。
二、美国的胁迫外交手段繁多
◆美元霸权是美国实施经济胁迫的重要基础。“石油美元”、美国在国际货币基金组织和世界银行的“一票否决权”、以美联储为主导的双边货币互换等都是美元霸权的具体表现。美元作为国际结算货币,占据了全球贸易和投资的绝大部分,使得美国可以通过出口通胀和贸易逆差,向其他国家转嫁国内经济问题。美国掌控了全球主要商品和资源的定价权,可以通过控制美元的汇率和利率,影响其他国家的经济和金融。美元作为国际货币,占据了全球金融体系的核心地位,使得美国可以通过切断其他国家的美元供应和交易渠道,限制美元融通渠道、交易汇路等对其他国家施压和制裁。冻结财产、巨额罚款、拒绝金融服务都是美国借助美元霸权地位对他国实施经济封锁和金融制裁的惯用伎俩。
贸易管制是美国经济胁迫的重要手段。美国的贸易管制形式多样,包括制裁、限制进出口、加征关税、取消补贴、配额等,并根据不同目的和对象,设立名目繁多的贸易管制清单,包括特别指定国民清单、实体清单、未经验证清单、军事最终用户清单、行业制裁清单等。美国经常罔顾国际法和国际贸易规则,肆意挥舞“关税大棒”,迫使他国与其进行不平等的贸易谈判。近年来,美国动辄以“危害国家安全”为由,限制通信、半导体、人工智能等新兴技术领域投资,将外国实体或个人列入出口管制“实体清单”,限制其购买美国技术。通过签署行政令,强制叫停外国企业在美运营或禁止美国实体或个人与外国企业交易,对他国实施科技制裁,严重破坏国际经贸秩序和经济全球化进程。
“长臂管辖”是美国另一项常用经济胁迫手段。美国制订了《反海外腐败法》《敌国贸易法》《以制裁反击美国敌人法》《国际紧急经济权力法》《出口管制条例》等国内法并炮制一系列行政令,直接对特定国家、组织或个人实施制裁,以“最低联系原则”“效果原则”等模棱两可的规则任意扩大美国内法管辖范围,还滥用国内司法诉讼渠道对其他国家实体和个人搞“长臂管辖”。
◆促进所谓民主人权是美实施政治胁迫、干涉他国内政的常用伎俩。美长期在全球范围内推行“美式价值观”,渲染“民主对抗威权”,肆意干涉他国内政,企图用自己的价值观和政治制度来塑造其他国家和世界秩序,甚至干涉和颠覆他国合法政府,以达到削弱竞争对手、转嫁危机、制造混乱、破坏稳定等目的。
美国的政治胁迫目标包罗万象。无论是对手还是盟友、发达国家还是发展中国家、大型集团还是小型机构,只要美国认为有利可图且目标不肯就范,胁迫几乎成为美国的不二选择。美国打着“发扬民主”的旗号,在拉美搞“新门罗主义”,在欧亚大陆挑起“颜色革命”,在西亚北非策划“阿拉伯之春”,凡此种种,不一而足。
美国的政治胁迫手段层出不穷。美国根据不同的目标和情况,综合运用其军事基地、外交机构、情报部门、非政府组织、媒体机构等渠道和资源,收集信息、施加影响、制造舆论、操纵选举、支持反对派等各种手段多管齐下,公开和隐蔽、直接与间接相结合,干涉别国内政。
◆强大的军事实力为美大搞胁迫外交提供倚仗。美国在国际关系中动辄使用军事胁迫,肆意使用武力。近年来,美国年均军费预算超过7000亿美元,占世界总量的40%,超过其后面15个国家的总和。美国是世界上最大的武器出口国,美国常靠贩卖武器来增加财政收入和挑起地区冲突。美国的军事设施和人员遍布全球各个角落和关键地带。根据2020年《美国海外军事基地》报告,美国在全球共有800多个军事基地,17.3万人部署在159个国家,遍布欧洲、亚洲、中东等地。
美国频繁使用军事力量发起或参与各种规模和形式的战争和冲突。塔夫茨大学《军事干预项目:1776年至2019年美国军事干预的新数据集》报告显示,1776年至2019年,美国在全球范围内进行了近400次军事干预,其中半数发生在1950年至2019年间。二战后,由美国挑起或发动的大型战争包括朝鲜战争、越南战争、海湾战争、科索沃战争、阿富汗战争、伊拉克战争、利比亚战争和叙利亚战争等。代理人战争是美国常用的军事干预手段,乌克兰、伊拉克、阿富汗、利比亚、叙利亚、巴基斯坦和也门等国家都饱受美国代理人战争之苦。美国布朗大学沃森研究所“战争代价”项目数据显示,保守估计,“后9·11时代”美国发动战争造成的军民死亡总数高达92.9万人,至少3800万民众流离失所。
◆文化科技软实力是美进行意识形态渗透、服务胁迫外交的隐蔽手段。美国主导的西方媒体和国际社交媒体大力塑造和支持美国的胁迫外交。美国在新闻自由问题上奉行双重标准,通过各种手段对他国媒体抹黑压制。美国滥用文化霸权,向媒体部门巨额投入,支持其向其他国家思想渗透,进行煽动性宣传。更为无底线的是美国惯以捏造虚假信息攻击他国,并围绕其构建“产业链”,在全球范围兜售误导舆论。
美国利用其文化产品宣扬美国价值观。好莱坞电影占据了世界70%以上的市场份额,美国的价值观和生活方式与其电影和电视节目、出版物、媒体内容以及政府资助的非营利性文化机构的节目息息相关,塑造了一个维系美国文化霸权的舆论空间,严重侵蚀了其他国家文化的独立性和世界文化的多元性。
美国情报机构在全球建立大量“渗透组织”。各色基金会、非政府组织成了美西方价值输出的“中间人”和文化渗透的“急先锋”。美国国家民主基金会、文化自由大会等一众美国“渗透组织”和机构通过资金支持、提供培训、出版刊物、举办会议等方式向其他国家宣扬美国文化与政治观点,向全世界输出美国的价值观、意识形态,大搞文化霸权。
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三、美国的胁迫外交危害全球
◆冲击和平与发展的时代主题。和平与发展作为当今时代的主题,是世界各国人民的共同事业。追求和平是人类永恒的理想和愿望,经济全球化是世界和平的现实前提。但近年来,在“美国优先”“美国至上”理念引导下,美国的霸权主义、单边主义、保护主义、孤立主义、民族主义等倾向愈演愈烈。美国以自身利益为先,无视世界各国爱好和平与发展的迫切需求,热衷于操弄意识形态议题,搞你输我赢的零和博弈,设立各种地缘“小圈子”,在全世界策动“颜色革命”,甚至不惜拱火浇油,从地缘政治斗争中谋取利益。美国的胁迫外交给全球和平与发展事业蒙上了阴影。
◆破坏经济全球化和区域经济一体化进程。美国在全球经济胁迫行为愈演愈烈,严重破坏经济全球化和区域经济一体化进程,导致世界经济被人为分割,进一步条块化、碎片化,使经济全球化出现严重倒退。为了维护霸权,美国正在从二战之后形成的全球化合作格局中退出来,实际上已经成为全球化规则的最大破坏者。世贸组织在美国的不作为之下几近瘫痪,全球贸易和投资自由化、一体化趋势被美国阻碍和破坏。美国的经济胁迫行为不仅破坏了基于要素禀赋和比较优势形成的全球供应链、产业链,降低劳动生产率,也提高了区域乃至全球的生产成本,阻碍区域经济一体化进程。
◆阻碍以金砖国家为代表的新兴经济体和发展中国家发展。美国对委内瑞拉、古巴、缅甸、叙利亚等发展中国家的经济制裁和封锁直接打断这些国家的可持续发展进程。在这些国家,联合国2030年可持续发展议程17个目标中的绝大多数目标,包括在全世界消除一切形式的贫困、消除饥饿、实现可持续的经济增长、可持续工业化、减少国家内部和国家之间的不平等、可持续的城市和人类居住区等目标都因美国的胁迫打压变得遥不可及,全球发展事业屡屡受挫。美国对中国、俄罗斯、印度、巴西和南非等金砖国家和阿根廷、墨西哥、土耳其等新兴市场国家的经济制裁则严重损害这些国家的经济利益。
◆加剧国际社会分裂对立。美国为维护其全球霸权,遏制他国发展,热衷于以价值观划线,依靠挥舞关税大棒等手段胁迫他国加入“民主同盟”。借乌克兰危机拉拢欧盟和其他发达国家共同制裁俄罗斯,胁迫发展中国家选边站队。胁迫欧洲盟友同美一道对伊朗持续制裁,严重影响伊朗经济民生发展。美国的所作所为加剧国际社会对立,推高了世界陷入“新冷战”的风险。
结束语
美国是胁迫外交的发明者和集大成者。长期以来,美国通过经济封锁、单边制裁、军事威胁、政治孤立、技术封锁等种种流氓手段,向世界演绎了一个个胁迫外交的教科书式案例。正如美国学者指出,美胁迫外交的本质在于,“你要么与我们为伍,要么与我们为敌。美国应该引领,盟国则应该追随,而反对美国至尊地位的国家将会遭殃。”
美国不顾自身到处搞胁迫外交的事实,出于政治私利,动辄给中国等其他国家贴上胁迫外交标签。需要指出的是,中国外交的重要传统就是坚持大小国家一律平等,从来不将世界各国分成三六九等,从来不搞胁迫霸凌那一套,而且历来旗帜鲜明反对霸权主义、单边主义和胁迫外交。中国从不以武力威胁他国,从不拼凑军事同盟,从不输出意识形态,从不跑到别人门口挑事,从不将手伸进别人家里,从不主动挑起贸易战,从不无端打压他国企业。诬蔑中国搞所谓胁迫外交,显然是欲加之罪,何患无辞。
究竟谁在搞胁迫外交,谁在胁迫全世界,国际社会自有公论。在全球到处胁迫、制裁、霸凌,把他国搞垮、把世界搞乱,终会反噬伤及自身。美国应当好好治治自己滥施胁迫外交的老毛病,把公正合理的国际秩序还给全世界。
RE: OMG!!! Assmerica! 《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》 -
cityhantam - 20-05-2023
https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/202305/t20230518_11079589.html#:~:text=Increasingly%20engaging%20in%20economic%20coercion,the%20course%20of%20economic%20globalization.
America's Coercive Diplomacy and Its Harm
2023-05-18 19:10
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Contents
Introduction
I.The United States' coercive diplomacy has a notorious record
II.The United States has many means of coercive diplomacy
III.The United States' coercive diplomacy endangers the whole world
Conclusion
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Introduction
The United States is used to accusing other countries of using great power status, coercive policies and economic coercion to coerce other countries to obey and engage in coercive diplomacy, but in fact, the United States is the instigator of coercive diplomacy. The invention rights, patent rights and intellectual property rights of coercive diplomacy all belong to the United States. For a long time, the United States will do everything possible to coerce other countries, and the United States has a very disgraceful "dark history" in coercive diplomacy. Today, coercive diplomacy is a standard instrument in the US foreign policy toolbox, and containment and suppression in political, economic, military, cultural and other fields have been used to conduct coercive diplomacy around the world for pure US self-interest. Countries around the world have suffered, with developing countries bearing the brunt of it, and even US' allies and partners have not been spared.
Based on abundant facts and data, this report aims to expose the evil deeds of US coercive diplomacy in the world and make the international community better understand the hegemonic and bullying nature of US diplomacy, and the serious damages caused by US actions to the development of all countries, regional stability and world peace.
I. The United States' coercive diplomacy has a notorious record
◆ In 1971, Alexander George, a professor at Stanford University, first put forward the concept of "coercive diplomacy," which was used to summarize the policies of the United States on Laos, Cuba and Vietnam. In his view, coercive diplomacy concerns the use of threat or limited force to coerce an adversary to stop or reverse its action. In the past half century, the US has never stopped engaging in coercive diplomacy in spite of great changes in the international structure. From economic sanctions to technical blockade, and from political isolation to threat of force, the US has demonstrated what coercive diplomacy is to the world with its own actions.
◆ The developing countries are the "worst-hit areas" of America's coercive diplomacy. In 1962, the United States imposed an economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba which continues to this day. The US-Cuba diplomatic relations were restored in 2015, but the US did not fully lift its blockade against Cuba. In 2017, the Trump administration tightened sanctions on Cuba again. In 2021, the Biden administration twice extended the "Trading with the Enemy Act," which has served as the legal basis for the blockade and embargo against Cuba. The 61-year-old embargo has brought enormous economic losses and grave humanitarian disasters to Cuba. The US sanctions and blockade on Cuba cover almost everything from fuel, food and daily necessities to medicine, leaving the island facing a chronic and severe shortage of supplies. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States also blocked Cuba's access to raw materials for vaccine production. The People's World, an American news website, pointed out in an article that the blockade imposed by the United States had prevented Cuba from obtaining materials for the manufacture of syringes in time. Since the United States has banned third countries from selling ventilators to Cuba, Cuba has not been able to purchase the ventilators needed to save critically ill COVID-19 patients, which has caused great harm to the Cuban people.
◆ Since 2006, the US has imposed sanctions on Venezuela, preventing Venezuela from entering the US financial system. During the Trump administration, the US expanded economic and financial sanctions against Venezuela, froze all assets of the Venezuelan government in the US, and imposed sanctions on its oil, banking, mining industries and more than 140 government personnel, which severely hit the Venezuelan economy. Venezuelan crude oil production fell from nearly 2.5 million barrels per day in 2016 to just 300,000 barrels per day in 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic, US sanctions made it difficult for Venezuela to obtain materials to combat the pandemic and basic commodities such as food, drinking water and gasoline in a timely manner. According to the report released by the UN Special Rapporteur Du Han on the Negative Effects of Unilateral Enforcement Measures on Human Rights, the sanctions have left more than one third of the population of Venezuela in a serious food crisis and a shortage of basic medical supplies and equipment; conditions of health care services have deteriorated and maternal, infant and seriously ill patients deaths have increased. In June 2020, the US Treasury Department announced the imposition of penalties on three Mexican entrepreneurs and eight Mexican companies, freezing their US assets, for allegedly helping Venezuela evade US sanctions, and prohibiting them from participating in any transaction involving US individuals and entities.
◆ Since 2006, successive US administrations have continuously strengthened sanctions on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Since 1988, the United States has for many years included the DPRK in the list of "state sponsors of terrorism." In 2016, then President Barack Obama signed the "North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act" to supplement the sanctions already imposed by past administrations. In 2017, the US imposed further sanctions on the DPRK through the "Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act" and demanded that SWIFT cut off the DPRK banks from their global banking network. The US sanctions on the DPRK include restrictions on trade imports and exports, prohibition on the DPRK citizens from working overseas, freezing of assets in the US, and prohibition on economic ties with the DPRK. In November of the same year, three aircraft carriers of the US Navy, including USS Reagan, USS Roosevelt and USS Nimitz, appeared in the East China Sea at the same time and jointly held high-intensity military exercises with the South Korean Navy, which attracted great attention from the outside world.
◆ Twice kicking Iran out of the SWIFT system and disrupting the international financial order. The United States first imposed economic sanctions against Iran in 1979, when it froze $1.2 billion worth of Iranian assets abroad and eventually expanding to a full trade embargo. As the Iranian nuclear issue has evolved, the US has banned Iranian financial institutions from using the US clearing and payment system to settle transactions in US dollars, forcing Iran to decouple from the US dollar. In 2012, in order to contain Iran in an all-round way, the United States and the European Union removed Iran from the SWIFT system, making it impossible for Iran to conduct cross-border transactions with the US dollar, the euro and any international currency, and the value of Iran's currency depreciated by about 38% in a year. Iran's foreign trade fell into recession, with imports and exports falling sharply and crude oil exports cut by half. In 2018, the Trump administration unilaterally withdrew from the Iran nuclear deal and once again kicked Iran out of the SWIFT system. According to a study by a US think tank, Iran has lost half of its oil exports and 30% of its foreign trade income due to the sanctions. The US government has wantonly wielded the club of sanctions against Iran, which has sparked criticism from all quarters. In 2019, Jake Sullivan, who is now national security advisor to President Joe Biden, wrote an article criticizing the Trump administration's policy toward Iran, saying that it has nothing but coercion and no diplomacy.
◆ Sanctions imposed on Belarus. Since 2004, the United States has imposed 17 rounds of targeted sanctions on Belarus. Currently, 16 people, including Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, are under US sanctions ranging from travel bans to asset freezes. In addition, 10 Belarusian companies have been barred from the US market.
◆ Unilateral sanctions imposed on African countries such as Sudan. In 1993, the United States announced sanctions against Sudan. In 1997, the Clinton administration announced sweeping economic sanctions against Sudan. In 2017, the US still added Sudan to the list of "state sponsors of terrorism," and various sanctions against Sudan continued to be implemented, including the prohibition on investments in, trade with, and loans to Sudan. Years of US sanctions have led to a severe humanitarian crisis in Sudan, with a large number of children across the country dying of malnutrition, according to a report released by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in Sudan. In addition, the United States has imposed targeted sanctions against individuals and organizations in African countries such as Burundi, the Central African Republic, Somalia and Zimbabwe.
◆ All-round sanctions on Russia. In 2014, the US issued a ban on medium and long-term financing of Russia's defense, financial and energy sectors. In April 2018, the US again announced sanctions against 38 Russian individuals and companies, freezing all their assets under US jurisdiction. In November 2021, the US announced further sanctions related to the Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline project. After the Russia-Ukraine conflict broke out, the US coerced many countries to issue the "Joint Statement on Further Restrictive Economic Measures" against Russia, banning the import of Russian crude oil, liquefied natural gas and coal, and restricting US investments in most Russian energy companies, while removing major Russian banks from SWIFT. To date, the United States and its allies have directly sanctioned more than 2,500 Russian companies, government officials and individuals.
◆ Violating the principle of fair trade and imposing tariffs on China. In July 2018, the US launched a trade war with China, announcing a 25% tariff on approximately $34 billion of goods imported from China; in August, an additional 25% tariff on $16 billion worth of Chinese goods was announced; and in September, the US announced yet again a 10% tariff on $200 billion of Chinese imports. In May 2019, it was announced that tariffs on the $200 billion of Chinese goods would be raised from 10% to 25%; in August, it was announced that additional tariffs on about $550 billion of Chinese goods exported to the US would be raised, escalating the China-US trade war.
Tech blockade against China in the semiconductor sector. In August 2022, the "CHIPS and Science Act" was enacted. The law, which plans to provide up to $52.7 billion in government subsidies for the US semiconductor industry, requires semiconductor companies that receive federal financial aid not to make substantive expansion in countries such as China. The US government has joined Japan, South Korea and Chinese Taiwan to form the so-called "Chip 4" in an attempt to limit the development of China's semiconductor industry.
Using state power to suppress China's high-tech enterprises. The previous administration of the United States launched the "Clean Network" program, which took national security and privacy of its citizens as an excuse, explicitly requiring the elimination of Chinese enterprises such as Huawei, Baidu and Alibaba in five aspects, namely, telecommunications networks, mobile application stores, mobile application programs, cloud services and undersea cables. The then US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and other US politicians lobbied and coerced other countries and regions to join the so-called "Clean Network" alliance. Senior US officials even intimidated countries such as Cyprus, demanding that they not cooperate with Chinese 5G suppliers, or the consequences would be serious. The US has put more than 1,000 Chinese companies, including ZTE, Huawei and DJI, on various sanctions lists, using national security as an excuse to clamp down on Chinese social media apps such as TikTok and WeChat.
Under the guise of democracy and human rights, the US has hyped up questions concerning Taiwan, Hong Kong, Xinjiang. The "TAIPEI Act," the "Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act," the "Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act" and other bills related to China have been produced, and they are firmly linked to issues of trade and technological exchanges with China. It unjustifiably interferes in China's internal affairs and coerces Western countries into keeping with the US.
US hyped up the so-called "lab leak theory" of the coronavirus and spared no efforts to smear and stigmatize China. In disregard of the "Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019," the US used its intelligence services to issue the so-called assessment on COVID-19 origins. The US insists on politicizing and taking advantage of the issue of tracing the origin of the virus, casting a shadow over global cooperation to combat the pandemic.
◆ The US sanctioning Indian companies for engaging in oil trade with Iran for the first time. India's Economic Times, The Times of India and other media outlets reported that the US imposed sanctions on Mumbai-based petrochemical trading company Tibalaji Petrochem in October 2022, which marks the first time that US imposed sanctions on an Indian company for engaging in oil trade with Iran. In April 2023, the Indian Foreign Ministry announced that the governments of India and Malaysia had agreed to settle trade between the two countries in Indian rupees.
◆ Applying coercive diplomacy with allies with no mercy. In the 1980s, Japan's GDP was half that of the US. In order to eliminate Japan's economic threat, the United States forced Japan to sign the "Plaza Accord" in 1985, forcing the yen to appreciate, which led to the rapid expansion of Japan's domestic economic bubble, the collapse of the real estate bubble and the long-term stagnation of the Japanese economy.
In 1986, in response to the rise of Japan's semiconductor industry, the US forced Japan to sign the "US-Japan Semiconductor Agreement," initiated a "Section 301 Investigation" against Japan, and imposed trade sanctions on a variety of Japanese products such as semiconductors and computers, which undermined the competitiveness and potential of Japan's semiconductor industry, seeing its market share fall from 50% of the global market to about 10% in 2019.
◆ Dismembering Alstom by means of "economic hostages." In 2013, the US used the "Foreign Corrupt Practices Act" to arrest Frederic Pierucci, an Alstom executive, and coaxed him to enter into a plea agreement in order to obtain more evidence and information against Alstom. By 2014, to pressure Alstom, US authorities had arrested at least three more of Pierucci's former colleagues, using "economic hostages" as bargaining chips. Under lobbying and pressure, Alstom had to accept an acquisition bid from General Electric of the US in 2015. In its review, The Economist said the US Department of Justice investigation had distorted the process by which Alstom sold assets, creating an advantage for potential US buyers.
◆ Wielding the tariff club at Europe and interfering in market competition. In 2018, the US government used Section 232 of the "Trade Expansion Act of 1962" to impose tariffs of up to 25% and 10% on steel and aluminum products respectively in several countries and regions, including the EU, purportedly on the grounds of safeguarding national security. In January 2021, to improve Boeing's competitive advantage, the US Customs and Border Protection announced tariffs of up to 15% on imports from France and Germany, including aircraft parts, involving a total value of $7.5 billion.
◆ In recent years, the US has targeted its coercive measures on the semiconductor industry, "extorting" confidential data from many chip companies in the world and maintaining US dominance in the semiconductor industry. In September 2021, the US Department of Commerce issued a notice requiring companies in the semiconductor supply chain to provide relevant information "voluntarily" within 45 days, including 26 core items of data such as inventory, production capacity, supply cycle and customer information. In an interview with Reuters, US Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo said that if the companies refused, instruments such as the "Defense Production Act" would be used to get them to provide the data. Data from US government website shows that under pressure from the US, as of November 2021, more than 70 companies, including TSMC, UMC, Samsung, SK hynix and Japan's Sony Semiconductor, have submitted information related to the semiconductor supply chain to the US Department of Commerce.
◆ In addition to the economic and financial sanctions, the US is also good at interfering, either directly or indirectly, in the internal affairs of other countries by supporting proxy wars, inciting civil wars, providing weapons and ammunition, and training anti-government forces, etc., to counter "disobedient" countries and regions. Since the 20th century, under the banner of "democracy" and "freedom," the United States has promoted the "Neo-Monroe Doctrine" in Latin America, provoked "color revolutions" in Eurasia, and planned the "Arab Spring" in West Asia and North Africa, engaging in "peaceful evolution" in various parts of the world, wantonly engaging in hegemonic bullying and sending out a clear message that whoever follows it will survive and whoever defies it shall perish.
Since 2003, the US has played a hand in the "Rose Revolution" in Georgia, the "Orange Revolution" in Ukraine and the "Tulip Revolution" in Kyrgyzstan. The Financial Times reported that agencies such as the US National Endowment for Democracy and the US Agency for International Development have been instrumental in driving domestic protests in other countries. The main and immediate cause of the color revolution is to safeguard US interests such as strategic expansion and energy security, according to a British Open Democracy Network article.
◆ According to the American scholar Lindsey A. O'Rourke's "Covert Regime Change: America's Secret Cold War," the United States carried out 64 covert regime change operations and six overt operations from 1947 to 1989. During the 1994 Haitian crisis, the US forced Haiti's military government to abandon power through a small-scale invasion. The administration at the time hailed the action as a model of coercive diplomacy. In 2003, the Bush administration listed 30.3 billion US dollars in additional military spending for coercive diplomacy. The US, despite being so angry about outside interference, is the expert in it, The Guardian said.
RE: OMG!!! Assmerica! 《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》 -
cityhantam - 20-05-2023
II. The United States has many means of coercive diplomacy
◆ The hegemony of US dollar is an important foundation for US economic coercion. The "petrodollar," the "one-vote veto power" of the United States in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and the bilateral currency swap led by the Federal Reserve are all concrete manifestations of the hegemony of the US dollar. As an international settlement currency, the US dollar accounts for the majority of global trade and investment, enabling the US to pass domestic economic problems onto other countries through export inflation and trade deficits. The U.S. controls the pricing power of major global commodities and resources and can influence the economies and finances of other countries by controlling the exchange rate and interest rate of the US dollar. As a currency of international sanctions, the US dollar occupies a central position in the global financial system, enabling the US to cut off other countries' dollar supply and trading channels and impose pressure and sanction on other countries by restricting the channels of financing and transaction remittance. Freezing property, imposing huge fines and refusing financial services are all the usual tricks of the US to impose economic blockade and financial sanctions on other countries by taking advantage of the US dollar hegemony.
Trade control is an important means of US economic coercion. The United States has various forms of trade control, including sanctions, restrictions on imports and exports, imposition of tariffs, elimination of subsidies and quotas, and has set up a variety of trade control lists to fit different purposes and targets, including lists of specially designated nationals, lists of entities, unverified lists, lists of military end users, and lists of industry sanctions. The US often wantonly imposes tariff in disregard of international law and international trade rules, forcing other countries to engage in unequal trade negotiations with it. In recent years, the US has frequently restricted investment in telecommunications, semiconductor, artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies sectors on the grounds of "endangering national security," and included foreign entities or individuals in the entity list of export control, restricting their purchase of US technologies. Through the signing of executive orders, the US puts mandatory stops on foreign enterprises' operations in the US or prohibits US entities or individuals from trading with foreign enterprises, imposing technological sanctions on other countries, thus seriously undermining the international economic and trade order and the process of economic globalization.
"Long-arm jurisdiction" is another commonly used means of US economic coercion. The US has enacted such domestic laws as the "Foreign Corrupt Practices Act," the "Trading with the Enemy Act," the "Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act," the "International Emergency Economic Powers Act," and the "Export Control Act," and cooked up a series of executive orders, directly imposing sanctions on specific countries, organizations or individuals. The US arbitrarily expands the jurisdiction of its domestic law, while applying ambiguous rules such as the "minimum contact principle" and the "effectiveness principle," abusing domestic channels of judicial action to engage in "long-arm jurisdiction" with foreign entities and individuals.
◆ The promotion of the so-called democracy and human rights is a common trick of the US to carry out political coercion and interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. The United States has long promoted "American values" worldwide, played up "democracy versus authoritarianism," wantonly interfered in the internal affairs of other countries, and attempted to shape other countries and world order with its own values and political system. They even interfere with and subvert the legitimate government of other countries in order to weaken rivals, pass on crisis, create chaos, and undermine stability.
The targets of US political coercion are all-encompassing. Be it an adversary or an ally, a developed or a developing country, a large corporation or a small organization, coercion is always the option for the US, as long as the US considers it profitable and the targets won't bend to the will of the US. The US, under the banner of "promoting democracy," carried out the "Neo-Monroe Doctrine" in Latin America, provoked the "color revolution" in Eurasia, and planned the "Arab Spring" in West Asia and North Africa.
US political coercion measures form an endless stream. The US uses its military bases, diplomatic agencies, intelligence agencies, non-governmental organizations, media organizations and other channels and resources according to different targets and situations-collecting information, exerting influence, creating public opinions, manipulating elections, supporting opposition parties, etc. to publicly and secretly, directly and indirectly, interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
◆ A powerful military supports US in coercive diplomacy. The United States frequently utilize military coercion and wanton use of force in international relations. In recent years, the average annual military budget of the United States has exceeded $700 billion, accounting for 40% of the world's total and exceeding the sum of the next 15 countries combined. The US is the world's largest arms exporter, and it often relies on arms trafficking to boost revenue and provoke regional conflicts. US military facilities and personnel are located in all corners and key areas of the globe. According to a 2020 report on US overseas military bases, the US has more than 800 military bases around the world, with 173,000 people deployed in 159 countries across Europe, Asia, the Middle East and beyond.
The US frequently uses military force to initiate or participate in wars and conflicts of all sizes and forms. Between 1776 and 2019, the US conducted nearly 400 military interventions worldwide, half of which occurred between 1950 and 2019, according to the Tufts University report, "Introducing the Military Intervention Project: A New Dataset on US Military Interventions." After World War II, major wars initiated or launched by the US include the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the Afghan War, the Iraq War, the Libyan War and the Syrian War. Proxy wars are a common form of US military interventions, with countries such as Ukraine, Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria, Pakistan and Yemen suffering. According to the "Cost of War" project data of the Watson Institute at Brown University, conservative estimates show that the total number of military and civilian deaths caused by the US wars in the "post-9/11 era" is as high as 929,000, with at least 38 million people displaced.
◆ The soft powers of culture and science and technology are the covert means for the US to engage in ideological infiltration and coercive diplomacy. The US-led Western media and international social media have forcefully propped up and supported US coercive diplomacy. The US pursues double standards on freedom of the press and uses various means to smear and suppress foreign media outlets. The US abused its cultural hegemony, invested heavily in the media sector, supported its infiltration of ideas into other countries, and carried out inflammatory propaganda. Moreover, the US is used to fabricating false information to attack other countries, and peddling misleading public opinion globally using a purposefully built industrial chain.
The United States uses its cultural products to promote American values. Hollywood films account for more than 70% of the world's market share. The values and lifestyle of the US are closely linked to its films and television programs, publications, media content, and programs of government-funded nonprofit cultural institutions, shaping a space for public opinion that sustains American cultural hegemony. It has seriously eroded the independence of other cultures and the diversity of world cultures.
US intelligence agencies have established a large number of "infiltration organizations" around the world. Various foundations and non-governmental organizations have become "middlemen" in exporting American values and "pioneers" in cultural infiltration. The National Endowment for Democracy, the Congress for Cultural Freedom and other American "infiltration organizations" and institutions have promoted American cultural and political views to other countries through financial support, training, publication and conference, to export American values and ideology to the world, and to pursue cultural hegemony.
RE: OMG!!! Assmerica! 《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》 -
cityhantam - 20-05-2023
III. The United States' coercive diplomacy endangers the whole world
◆ Distorting the underlying theme of our times of peace and development. Peace and development, as the theme of our times, are the common cause for people of all countries around the world. The pursuit of peace is the eternal ideal and wish of mankind, and economic globalization is the realistic precondition of world peace. However, in recent years, under the guidance of the concept of "America First," US hegemony, unilateralism, protectionism, isolationism and nationalism has become increasingly fierce. The US, taking its own interests first, disregards the urgent needs of all countries in the world for peace and development. It is keen to manipulate ideological issues, engage in zero-sum games, and set up various geographical "small cliques." The US coercive diplomacy has cast a shadow over the cause of global peace and development by instigating "color revolutions" in the world, pouring oil over fire and seeking interests from geopolitical struggles.
◆ Disrupting the process of economic globalization and regional economic integration. Increasingly engaging in economic coercion around the world, the US has seriously undermined economic globalization and regional economic integration, resulting in the artificial segmentation and further fragmentation of the world economy. This has seriously reversed the course of economic globalization. In order to maintain its hegemony, the US is withdrawing from the pattern of global cooperation formed after World War II and has actually become the biggest disruptor of the rules of globalization. The WTO was almost paralyzed by US inaction, and the trend of global trade and investment liberalization and integration was blocked and undermined by the US. The US economic coercion has not only undermined global supply chains and industrial chains based on factor endowments and comparative advantages, reducing labor productivity, but also raised regional and even global production costs and hindered the process of regional economic integration.
◆ Hindering the development of emerging economies and developing countries represented by the BRICS countries. The economic sanctions and blockade imposed by the United States on developing countries such as Venezuela, Cuba, Myanmar and Syria have directly interrupted the sustainable development process of these countries. In these countries, the vast majority of the 17 goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the eradication of all forms of poverty throughout the world, the eradication of hunger, the realization of sustainable economic growth, sustainable industrialization, the reduction of inequality within and between countries, and sustainable cities and human settlements have been put out of reach by US coercion, and the cause of global development has repeatedly been frustrated. Economic sanctions imposed by the US on the BRICS countries, namely, China, Russia, India, Brazil and South Africa and emerging markets such as Argentina, Mexico and Turkey have severely harmed their economic interests.
◆ Intensifying division and antagonism in the international community. In order to maintain its global hegemony and contain the development of other countries, the US is keen to force other countries to join the "democratic alliance" by means of drawing ideological lines and imposing tariffs. Using the Ukraine crisis, the US rallies the European Union and other developed countries to join in on the sanctions against Russia, and coerces developing countries to take sides. It coerces European allies to join the US in continuing to impose sanctions on Iran, which has severely affected the livelihood and economic development of Iran. What the US has done has intensified the antagonism in the international community and raised the risk of the world falling into a new Cold War.
Conclusion
The United States is the inventor and master of coercive diplomacy. For a long time, the US, through various rogue means such as economic blockade, unilateral sanctions, military threats, political isolation, and technical blockade, has presented textbook cases of coercive diplomacy to the world. As US scholars have pointed out, the essence of US coercive diplomacy lies in the idea that "you are either with us or against us. The US should lead, and its allies should follow, and the countries that oppose the supremacy of the US will suffer."
Shrugging off the fact that the US itself has engaged in coercive diplomacy everywhere, the US, out of political self-interest, readily tags China and other countries with the label of coercive diplomacy. It needs to be pointed out that an important tradition in China's diplomacy is to uphold the equality of all countries large and small, and never to divide the world into different groups or engage in the practice of coercion and bullying. Moreover, China has always taken a clear-cut stand against hegemony, unilateralism and coercive diplomacy. China never threatens other countries with force. China never forms military coalition or exports ideology. China never makes provocations at others' doorstep or reaches its hands into others' homes. China never wages trade wars or groundlessly hobbles foreign companies. To slander China for engaging in the so-called coercive diplomacy is obviously just making trumped-up charges.
The international community can easily tell who is engaging in coercive diplomacy and who is coercing the whole world. Those who engage in coercion, sanctions, bullying, suppressing other countries and bringing chaos to the world, will eventually hurt themselves. The United States should address its old habit of wanton coercive diplomacy and return a just and rational international order to the world.
RE: OMG!!! America's Coercive Diplomacy and Its Harm 《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》 -
cityhantam - 20-05-2023
https://twitter.com/ChenPingMFA/status/1659579378588872706
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汪文斌:新华社发布的《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》报告基于大量事实和数据,充分揭露了美国在全球推行胁迫外交的恶行劣迹,让国际社会进一步看清美国胁迫外交的霸权霸道霸凌本质,及其对各国独立与发展、地区稳定、世界和平的严重危害。我建议大家好好读一读,认真看一看。
Translated from Chinese by Google :
Wang Wenbin: The report "U.S. Coercive Diplomacy and Its Harm" released by Xinhua News Agency is based on a large number of facts and data, fully exposing the evil deeds of the United States in promoting coercive diplomacy around the world, and allowing the international community to further see the hegemony and bullying of the United States' coercive diplomacy. nature, and its serious harm to the independence and development of all countries, regional stability, and world peace. I suggest that everyone read it carefully and take a look carefully.
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RE: OMG!!! America's Coercive Diplomacy and Its Harm 《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》 -
cityhantam - 21-05-2023
G7 should condemn Assmerica!
![Laughing Laughing](https://sgtalk.net/images/smilies/Animated/laughing_s.gif)
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RE: OMG!!! America's Coercive Diplomacy and Its Harm 《美国的胁迫外交及其危害》 -
cityhantam - 21-05-2023
老美G7中國經濟脅迫 歐洲不甩 選擇不跟上!【深喉嚨ONLINE】2023.05.19
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