Collectively, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the immune responses induced by inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in real-world settings. While a single vaccination was insufficient to induce robust immune responses, both humoral and cellular SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity could be elicited in the majority of individuals who received two inactivated COVID-19 vaccine doses.
We show that the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses was already significantly increased after a single dose vaccination and further increased after the second administration.
The SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in over 95% of participants after two doses and S- and N-specific CD4+ T cell responses were significantly stronger than M-specific CD4+ T cell responses.
Similarly, it has been reported that in COVID-19 patients the CD4 T cell responses to S are the most abundantly detected responses, followed by the responses to N and M (24–26).
Because the whole virus is presented to the immune system, immune responses are likely to target not only the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 but also the matrix, envelope and nucleoprotein
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10....02858/full
We show that the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses was already significantly increased after a single dose vaccination and further increased after the second administration.
The SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in over 95% of participants after two doses and S- and N-specific CD4+ T cell responses were significantly stronger than M-specific CD4+ T cell responses.
Similarly, it has been reported that in COVID-19 patients the CD4 T cell responses to S are the most abundantly detected responses, followed by the responses to N and M (24–26).
Because the whole virus is presented to the immune system, immune responses are likely to target not only the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 but also the matrix, envelope and nucleoprotein
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10....02858/full