Legal Basis for China’s Sovereignty Claims to Land in the South China Sea
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Facts Supporting China’s Claims

In 111 BCE, the Han dynasty patrolled the islands in the SCS.46 Chinese records from 220–265 CE, during China’s Three Kingdoms Period, contain descriptions of some of these islands, indicating that the Chinese had traveled there.

Ruins of inhabited Chinese living structures and pottery from the Tang and Song dynasties have been found on some of the islands and reefs, indicating actual Chinese habitation.

Chinese coins from the Tang and Ming dynasties, dating from 713–1425, were found in reefs in the SCS.

During the Ming dynasty in the 1400s, Chinese naval envoys passed through the area, writing about the islands.

A map dated from about 1775 and maps from between 1810 to 1817, all made during the Qing dynasty, show the islands as Chinese territories.51 Germany ceased conducting a survey of the islands in 1883, after the Qing dynasty protested the survey and claimed that the islands belonged to China.

A British publication from 1923 stated that Chinese fishermen worked and lived on islands in the SCS.53 A French publication in 1933 stated that Chinese people lived on the islands.

Japan seized control of islands in the SCS in 1939 and, following Japan’s surrender in World War II, the Republic of China took control of the islands back and sent ministers to set up their administration.

In 1947, the Republic of China published Chinese names for islands in the SCS, and no country protested.

When the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established in 1949, Beijing claimed sovereignty over the landmasses within the Nine-Dash line area.

The First Philippine Republic was promulgated on January 21, 1899.[98] Lack of recognition by the United States led to an outbreak of hostilities that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,[e] escalated into the Philippine–American War.[99][100][101][102]

On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of Manuel Roxas, the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the Treaty of Manila.[132]: 38–41 [133]

https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Di...claims-to/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines
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