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A colonial world: Starting in 1462, eight Western European countries (⬤shown in orange)—the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, and Italy—began to colonize other continents. By 1700, European powers occupied much of the Americas. By 1900, most countries in the Americas had gained independence, and European nations focused their colonial efforts on Africa and Asia. 

The legacy of colonialism contributes to global inequities in many aspects of society today, including science.